“2008 has been affected by the global financial crisis, in 2009 fresh graduates upon graduation percentage of units have been identified for the first time eight years, dropped to 40% below the initial implementation of a master’s degree the rate of decline in the largest and the smallest decline in undergraduates. of gender factors on employment opportunities for graduates of the impact of significant probability of finding a job boys significantly higher than girls. ”
November 7, the sixth held in Beijing Forum, Beijing University Institute of Education, Professor Ding Xiaohao published called “financial crisis, employment of college graduates the context of the situation analysis” reports. Since 2003, Professor Ding Xiaohao continuing concern with his colleagues the employment status of college graduates. Every two years, they will employment status of graduates to conduct a study and issue reports.
Started in June this year, Professor Ding Xiaohao with colleagues across the country more than 20 types of colleges and universities about 20000 graduates to investigate. Investigators believe that in 2008 the global financial crisis has aggravated an already serious problem of employment of college graduates is more prominent. The synthesis report released in China since 2003, employment of college graduates tested four survey data on the financial crisis in the context of the employment situation of university students were analyzed.
Significantly decreased the rate of the initial implementation of the sharpest decline Master
Survey shows that the implementation of the initial rate (initial rate of implementation refer to all graduates, “has been signed,” “units have been identified, pending contract,” “liberal professions, own businesses, flexible employment”, “Du Yan” and “abroad” graduates the proportion) of an inverted “U” shape trend, from 59.8% in 2003 to 2005, 69.9%, and then increased to 2007 71.1%, while in 2009 decreased to 65.0%. From the statistical results, graduates had “identified units” are in the ratio of 50%, while the proportion in 2009 compared to 34.6%, 8 years for the first time dropped below 40%.
Graduates of all levels to implement the initial rate of an inverted “U”-type. In 2009 the implementation of all academic levels of the initial rate has shown a significant downward trend. Master of the biggest drop, down 18.7 percentage points; followed by Dr., a decrease of 13.2 percentage points; third specialist, a decrease of 5.8 percentage points; the smallest decline at the undergraduate, down by 4.4 percentage points.
Analysis of the specialist investigations, particularly the rate of decline in the initial implementation of reasons. In 2003 and 2007 period, China’s economic development by the Chinese accession to the World Trade Organization, the impact of imports and exports and fixed investment increased significantly beneficial to boosting the private enterprises, foreign trade enterprises employment, so the community of graduates, especially high – level increased demand for more university graduates. However, the financial crisis is precisely the greatest impact on China’s import and export, so with the trade-related businesses were seriously affected. This may lead to college graduates, including vocational and tertiary graduates in the rate of decline in the initial implementation of the important reasons.
As always, the starting salary of graduates with the academic level of increase and improve on the starting salary of graduates presented annually on behalf of the slow upward trend. However, if the Consumer Price Index (CPI) adjustment, then, in 2009, 2013 yuan to 1569 yuan more than in 2003 has been significantly improved. Investigation and Analysis, in 2009 the average monthly starting salary of the reason why there are more substantial improvement in the employment unit of one of the main structure has undergone great changes, state-owned enterprises, public institutions and state organs, a significant proportion of the employment increase.
Gender factors affect the employment opportunities of graduates and significant, boys significantly greater than the probability of finding a job girls. Gender factors influence the level of starting salary for graduates is also significant, the level of boys starting salaries than women. Gender differences mainly reflect the medical professional in the sciences and agriculture. In 2009 the initial implementation of the rate of male graduates was 69.6%, and 60.1% for women, a difference of 9.5 percentage points. The monthly starting salary for male graduates an average of 2466 yuan and 2242 yuan for women, a difference of 224 yuan.
Professor Ding Xiaohao that from the initial implementation of the rate of change can be seen, the financial crisis will affect employment growth in space, increase employment of college graduates on the market supply and demand. The third quarter of 2009, China’s GDP grew 9%, which is China’s economic growth for the first time since 2006, fell to single digits, and may the full year GDP growth of no more than 10%. This is bound to the initial implementation of the rate of college graduates have a negative impact.
State-owned enterprises once again become the first choice of employment of university graduates
State organs, schools, state-owned enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises, private college graduates is the most important employers. But the comparison of four surveys, the data has obviously changed. Growth in the year 2007 is the biggest private enterprise in 2003 share of 10.7%, to 2007, this proportion rose to 34.2% in 2007, the private sector became the main units of graduate employment. However, in 2009 by the global financial crisis, the proportion of the private sector dropped to 26.9%, relegated to second place.
Before 2007, the sharpest decline in the school in 2003, the proportion was 23.1% in 2007 to 5.4%, but rebounded in 2009 to 7.6%. Similarly, in 2007, the former state-owned enterprises have also shown a clear downward trend, but a great rebound in 2009, from 34.5% in 2003 to 2007, 23.5%, while in 2009 rose to 34.3% and return to the first. In addition, graduates of foreign-funded enterprises are also important choice, accounting for nearly 10%. The proportion of state organs has remained at about 10%.
Needs special mention is that the employment situation of graduates in 2009 by the financial crisis, the impact of significant general increase in the proportion of state-owned units, while the proportion of foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises have shown a drop. “Some kind of work unit increase in the proportion of employment does not necessarily mean that the absolute increase in jobs.” Said Professor Ding Xiaohao. She assesses the changes in this structure may have two reasons: First, the Government to promote employment of university students to take a lot of employment policy, the Government can provide positions are state-owned units, while the state-owned units makes the absolute increase in jobs in state-owned units proportional rise; Second, foreign-funded enterprises and private sector employment opportunities because of the significant decrease in jobs in state-owned units, if not increase, will make the relative proportion of state-owned units increased.
Financial crisis, structural changes in the economic growth of employment of college graduates will have an impact on the structure of demand. Professor Ding Xiaohao said that because the government attention and intervention on employment, college graduates in the public sector, including state-owned enterprises, public institutions, national authorities and other departments of the workforce is a marked increase in the private sector, SMEs, employment rate decreased significantly, which may have contributed to the average graduate starting salary at a higher level of the main reasons.
Number of student graduates or school location is the preferred
Whether from the perspective of student or from the perspective of the institutions to analyze the location of the employment flows, the local employment rate has remained at a higher level. Professor Ding Xiaohao said that in 2008, according to new students to the statistical results, the national average of 82.3%, of which the region Jingjin Hu showed the highest proportion, 95.3%; followed by the eastern and western regions, the proportion of the central region the lowest of 75.6%.
Institution in 2008, according to the location of statistics, the national average of 74.6%. The eastern region (not including Jingjin Hu) was highest, followed by the western region and Jing Jinhu area. The proportion of the central region remained the lowest, 64.8%. This shows that the seat of their native towns and schools to find the work of the graduates have a more significant impact.
From the graduates of the scale of the inflow and outflow in the eastern region has always been the largest inflow region, inflow and outflow ratio was the highest Jingjin Hu areas; the central region is the outflow of the largest areas is more than the lowest inflow and outflow areas; of the western region near the central region, slightly higher than the inflow and outflow of the central region. This shows that China’s college graduates, “Peacock Flying Southeast,” the phenomenon is still evident.
Graduates of the inflow and outflow from the trend of the eastern region (including the Jingjin Hu) Although the central and western regions are still very attractive to students, but from 2004 to 2008 trends, the central and western regions of the graduates go to the eastern part of the overall declining trend of employment. With this contrast, students who graduated from the eastern region to the central and western regions the proportion of students in employment on the rise.
The reasons for this trend, Professor Ding Xiaohao analysis, on the one hand may be national employment policies and development strategies have an impact on the whereabouts of graduates, while graduates of traditional colleges and universities to absorb the eastern regions of the labor market saturation, leading to graduates the employment difficulties.
“As China’s economic and social development, regional differences, as well as the serious situation in the labor market segmentation, economic developed areas, and some jobs for college graduates is difficult to create an effective appeal. Although the Government to implement the western development program for college graduates, etc. employment, family policy, but still fundamentally difficult to compensate for investment in human capital of college graduates and, therefore, difficult to fundamentally reverse the flow of college graduates the basic state. “said Professor Ding Xiaohao.
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